A photogram is an image created by placing objects directly onto a light sensitive page and exposing it. The technique can be used to create photographic prints without the use of a camera. They can also be referred to as Rayographs after Man Ray. Below I have outlined the steps in creating a black and white photogram using an enlarger and photographic paper.
Select the objects to be used in your photogram
Different effects can be achieved using different objects . Using a transparent or semi-transparent object will allow some light to pass through to achieve an effect similar to an x-ray. The shape of the object is also important, for example, light can refract from the edges of a rounded object and onto the light-sensitive paper, creating blurred edges or other effects in the image.
Set up your enlarger
This step will depend on the type and functions of the enlarger you are using. You will need to select an appropriate light level by adjusting the lens aperture. You can read the aperture number at the front of the lens. Adjust the height of the enlarger, and then focus it using the focus adjustment dial. You can use a grain magnifier or focus finder to assist in getting an accurate focus. You will also need to set the enlarger timer to an appropriate number, perhaps starting with 2, 3 or 5 seconds.
Create test strips
To determine the optimal exposure time for your image, you may need to create one or more test strips. Place a strip of photographic paper onto the baseboard or easel of your enlarger, and arrange the selected objects on top of it. Run the timer to expose the image. Using a piece of cardboard or opaque object, cover a fex centimetres of your test strip and run the timer again. Move the cardboard along to cover up more of the image and again run the timer. Repeat until you have covered the entire test strip.
Developing
Place your paper into a tank of developer for the correct amount of time. The time will be determined by the specific developing fluid that you are using. Agitate the developer regularly throughout. Some developers may include instructions for the optimal time and frequency that you will need to agitate it for. Once done, move your paper into stop bath in order to stop development. After the recommended amount of time, move your paper into the fix, and then finally into a water bath to wash it. The paper can then be hung to dry.
Exposure time (seconds)
Analysing your test strips
Your developed test strips should appear banded with a light to dark gradation. Look for the contrast and balance of tones in each increment- the optimal image will include the darkest black tone whilst still including the brightest white areas. From your process, you will be able to determine the exposure time of the increment that you prefer. If the test strip does not show enough contrast, you can try using a filter and repeating the process to create a new test strip. It can also be useful to note down the other settings you have used on your enlarger, and record which enlarger you used if there are more than one.
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Processing a full print
Once your incremental test strips are done, you can use the above steps to process a full test strip using your preferred settings, and once you are happy, a full sized print.
Artistic Techniques to Try
- Use fine fabrics, cling film or objects containing liquid
- Photocopying your print using different adjustments
- Layering your images as you expose them
- Painting with the developer fluid
- Tilting the enlarger head to cast a shadow